The Subjunctive in
Adverbial Clauses
- Adverbs indicate such things as why, where, when, and how. Typical adverbs in English are words like “soon”, “here” and “quickly”; adverbial phrases are groups of words used in the same way, such as “on Sunday” or “with compassion”. Likewise, an entire clause —remember that a clause has a subject and predicate— may have an adverbial function:
John is working so that she will notice him.
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[why]
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John works wherever we want.
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[where]
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Joan works after school is out.
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[when]
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Joan works as rapidly as she can.
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[how]
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- Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions, such as para que (so that), antes de que (before), and hasta que (until). The indicative or subjunctive mood may be required in the adverbial clause in Spanish, or an adverbial phrase (preposition plus infinitive) may be used, depending on:
1.
Whether there is a change of subject. If no change of
subject is involved and a preposition exists which corresponds to the
conjunction, that preposition plus an infinitive is normally used, e.g.: He's
saving his money so he can buy a car, Ahorra su dinero para poder
comprar un coche. [A list of the corresponding prepositions is given
below.]
2.
The type situation or time in the adverbial clause. In
general, if the situation in the adverbial clause is viewed as something
hypothetical or anticipated —rather than completed, habitual, or factual— then
the subjunctive is required. Iin contrast, if the adverbial expression
deals with something that is viewed as completed, habitual, or factual, the
indicative is used. Some adverbial conjunctions by their very nature deal with
something hypothetical or anticipated and thus are always followed by the
subjunctive; others may take either the subjunctive or the indicative.
- Adverbial conjunctions which are ALWAYS followed by the subjunctive (because they always indicate a pending/hypothetical action or state):
Conjunction
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Translation
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Corresponding preposition
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a fin de que
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so that
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a fin de
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a condición de que
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on the condition that
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a menos que
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unless
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a no ser que
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lest, unless
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antes (de) que
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before
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antes de
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con tal (de) que
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provided that
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con tal de
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en caso de que
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in case
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en caso de
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no sea
que / no fuera que
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lest, so that ... not
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(= para no)
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para que
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so that
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para
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sin que
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without
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sin
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Notes: 1) Where de
is given in parentheses above, it is optional; that is, the conjunction before
may be expressed as antes que or antes de que; 2) some students
remember the more frequent of these conjunctions using the mnemonic device ESCAPA.
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I.
Examples:
No voy
a menos que venga ella.
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I'm not going unless she comes.
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Salgo
a la una con tal que se termine todo.
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I leave at 1:00 provided everything is done.
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Trabaja
mucho para que vivan bien.
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She works hard so they (can) live well.
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No
hago nada sin que lo sepan.
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I don't do anything without their knowing it.
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- Normally a preposition is used when no change of subject is involved; it is followed by an infinitive, not the subjunctive or indicative. Examples:
Mi
hijo vive para tocar la guitarra.
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My son lives to play the guitar.
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Ganaré antes de salir.
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I'll win before I leave [before leaving.]
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- Adverbial conjunctions of time:
The following adverbial conjunctions deal with time, and are
followed by the subjunctive when they introduce an anticipated situation. If
they introduce one which is viewed as completed or habitual, they are followed
by the indicative. Of course, if there is no change of subject involved and a
preposition is available, typically the preposition is used with an infinitive.
Conjunction
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Translation
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Preposition
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a medida que
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as, according as
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cuando
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when
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(al = upon)
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dado que
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granted that, in case that
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después (de) que
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after
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después de
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en cuanto
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as soon as
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hasta que
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until
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hasta
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luego que
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as soon as
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mientras
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while
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nada más que
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as soon as
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por más ... que
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no matter how much, however much
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por mucho que
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no matter how much, however much
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siempre que
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whenever, every time that
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tan pronto
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as soon as
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Examples:
Por lo
general lo hago cuando nos levantamos.
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I usually do it when we get up.
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[Indicative]
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Lo
haré cuando nos levantemos.
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I'll do it when we get up.
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[Subjunctive]
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Siempre
me lavo los dientes
después que comemos.
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I always brush my teeth after we eat.
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[Indicative]
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Me
lavaré los dientes
después de que comamos.
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I'll brush my teeth after we eat.
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[Subjunctive]
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Los
alumnos lo repiten hasta que el profesor está satisfecho.
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The students repeat it until the professor is
satisfied.
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[Indicative]
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Los
alumnos lo repetirán hasta que él esté satisfecho.
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The students will repeat it until he is
satisfied.
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[Subjunctive]
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Trabajamos mientras ellos descansan.
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We work while they rest.
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[Indicative]
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Trabajaremos mientras ellos descansen.
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We will work while they rest.
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[Subjunctive]
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- Other adverbial conjunctions:
Aunque (although, even though,
even if). The indicative is used if a fact is involved or the outcome is
known; otherwise the subjunctive is used:
Lo
haré aunque no le gusta.
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I'll do it, even though she doesn't like
it.
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[Indicative It is a fact
that she doesn't like it.]
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Lo
haré aunque no le guste.
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I'll do it, even though she may not like
it.
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[Subjunctive]
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De modo que, de manera que
(so that; in such a way that). These two expressions are identical. If
used similarly to para que (in order that, indicating the purpose
of an action), they require the subjunctive; they are used with the indicative
if they mean “in such a way that” [followed by the actual result or outcome]:
Escribe
de modo que todos la entienden.
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She writes in such a way [i.e., so clearly] that everyone understands
her.
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[Indicative]
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Escribe
de modo que todos la entiendan.
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She writes so that everyone will [might be able
to] understand her.
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[Subjunctive]
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Como vayas
conmigo, te pago la entrada.
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If you go with me, I'll pay for your ticket.
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[Subjunctive]
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Como
no estás listo, me voy sin ti.
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Since you're not ready, I'll go without you.
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[Indicative]
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Lo hago
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I'll do it like you said.
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[Indicative]
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Lo haré
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I'll do it however you (might) say.
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[Subjunctive]
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Cláusulas adverbiales: Una cláusula adverbial usa
conjunciones que expresan propósito, intención, anticipación, tiempo, lugar,
etc.
Hay dos
tipos de cláusulas adverbiales:
los que siempre requieren el
subjuntivo
los que requieren el subjuntivo sólo
si no ha o no había ocurrido la acción
Grupo uno: Las conjunciones que siempre
requieren el subjuntivo (es mejor memorizar este grupo)
Sin que
A fin de que
Con tal de
que
A menos que
Para que
En caso de que
Antes de que
Por + adv.
/adj. + que
_____quiera
+ que: quienquiera, comoquiera, dondequiera, cuandoquiera, etc.
Ejemplos:
Salen sin
que yo me dé cuenta.
Por
inteligentes que seamos, tenemos que estudiar para el examen.
Te lo dejé
en la mesa en caso de que lo necesitaras.
Cuandoquiera
que vayamos,
iremos.
Llegaron
anoche a menos que se descompusiera el auto.
Me llamó antes
de que yo llegara a casa ayer.
Grupo dos: Las conjunciones que usan
el subjuntivo cuando la acción no ha o no había ocurrido todavía.
Te llamaré cuando
vuelva del mercado.
Se usa el
presente del subjuntivo porque el verbo principal está en el futuro y no ha
ocurrido. Por eso no sabemos cómo va a terminar y tenemos que usar el
subjuntivo.
Te llamaría
cuando volviera del mercado.
Se usa el
imperfecto del subjuntivo porque el verbo principal está en el condicional y no había ocurrido todavía.. Por eso
no sabemos cómo iba a terminar y tenemos que usar el subjuntivo.
Nos visitan
siempre en cuanto vienen a Los Ángeles.
Se usa el
indicativo porque es algo que normalmente ocurre.
Me
esperaste hasta que salí del trabajo.
Se usa el
indicativo porque ya ha ocurrido la acción y sabemos el resultado.
Mis tíos lo
van a hacer tan pronto como yo se lo pida.
Se usa el
subjuntivo porque el verbo principal indica el futuro y no ha ocurrido.
Por eso no sabemos cómo va a terminar y tenemos que usar el subjuntivo.
Invitamos a
José normalmente cuando damos una fiesta.
Se usa el
indicativo porque es algo que normalmente ocurre.
INDICATIVO VS. SUBJUNTIVO
INDICATIVO :
El evento
principal YA Sucedió
Fui al teatro tan pronto como tuve tiempo
Iban a la playa después de que terminaban las clases
Había comprado los tiquetes apenas se enteró del
concierto
Visito a mis padres inmediatamente salgo a
vacaciones
He ido a verte cada vez que estabas enferma
SUBJUNTIVO:
El
evento principal NO ha sucedido.
Iré al teatro tan pronto como tenga tiempo
Vamos a ir a la playa después de que terminen las clases
Compraremos los tiquetes apenas sepamos que días
viene el grupo.
Visita a tus padres inmediatamente salgas a
vacaciones
Pensaba ir a verte antes de que terminara el verano
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